2018). Gergerich, E., M. Shobe, and K. Christy. Sustaining our nation’s seniors through federal food and nutrition programs. Research has shown that high SVI values correlate with worse health outcomes from natural disasters, including heat waves, tornadoes, and hurricanes (Bakkensen et al 2017). (2015) combined disaster, exposure, and social vulnerability to explain the social vulnerability to flooding disasters in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Income is another factor that is commonly described in the literature as a component of social vulnerability. While flood insurance cannot prevent damage to homes from hurricanes, it can reduce the repair costs that would otherwise be incurred by the policy holder (Kunreuther 2008; Petrolia et al. It is also likely that income had different influences on an individual’s decision to request disaster assistance based on their own values and perceptions. The median household income, the population older than 25 with a Bachelor’s degree, the female population, and the minority population were not statistically significant predictors of the per capita reported shelter needs. 2020. Housing and transportation includes people who live in large apartment buildings or group quarters such as dormitories or prisons, people who live in mobile homes, and people who do not have access to a vehicle. Rutgers: The State University of New Jersey. (2008, p. 599), “resilience is the ability of a social system to respond and recover from disasters and includes those inherent conditions that allow the system to absorb impacts and cope with an event, as well as post-event, adaptive processes that facilitate the ability of the social system to re-organize, change, and learn in response to a threat.” Bergstrand et al. Table 2 summarizes the coefficients of the predictor variables in the three models with the per capita total valid registrations that reported emergency, food, and shelter needs in the aftermath of Hurricane Florence as the dependent variables. Fronstin and Holtmann (1994) assessed the determinants of residential property damage following Hurricane Andrew, and found the assessed value of a given house to be inversely related to the probability of the home being uninhabitable after the storm. 2009. For example, Xian et al. These figures summarize each of the individual variables that were selected for this analysis. The 2011 Tsunami in Japan is an example of a disaster characterized by an immense loss of lives and property. 2019. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 10(1): 103–116. Vulnerability is the human dimension of disasters and is the result of the range of economic, social, cultural, institutional, political and psychological factors that shape people’s lives and the environment that they live in (Twigg, 2004).. Biophysical vulnerability arises from a community's geographic context and the probability that it will be exposed to a hazard. 2007. Go to https://toolkit.climate.gov/steps-to-resilience/assess-vulnerability-risks for more information on vulnerability and exposure. Elderly populations are also classified as a vulnerable group in the literature. Asking for help and receiving support after a disaster. It is possible that linguistic minorities reported less post-disaster need overall because they could not find anyone to translate the guidelines for requesting assistance. As the peak gusts increased, the per capita reported food needs increased (B = 3.189E−5, p < 0.001); as the distance to the coast decreased, the per capita reported food needs increased (B = − 6.206E−5, p < 0.001); as the homeowners with flood insurance decreased, the per capita reported food needs increased (B =− 0.768, p = 0.017); and as the median home value decreased, the per capita food needs increased (B = − 1.027E−8, p = 0.023). n.d. A guide to the disaster declaration process and federal disaster assistance. In addition, Akerkar and Fordham (2017) conclude that gender differences in disasters are ubiquitous globally, even in societies that appear to have gender equality. Information on social vulnerability should be combined with information on a neighborhood’s exposure to risk factors to identify areas that may need additional assistance before, during, and after a disaster. While climate change is not the singular cause of catastrophe, it is widening the expanse of social vulnerability to disasters. (2007) surveyed 935 Katrina evacuees, and found differences in crisis preparation and information seeking on the basis of race. de Andrade, J.B. de Aguiar, A.E.M.M. Such stresses include natural or human-caused disasters, or disease outbreaks. From social vulnerability to resilience: Measuring progress toward disaster risk reduction. In addition, as the homeowners with flood insurance decreased, the reported emergency needs increased (B = − 1.019, p < 0.001), and as the median home value decreased, the reported emergency needs increased (B = − 1.527E−8, p = 0.006). The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) defines vulnerability as “the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard” (UNISDR 2009, p. 30). Griffin, M., M. Malsick, H. Mizzell, and L. Moore. When controlling for the same variables, the proportion of the population older than 25 with a Bachelor’s degree, the proportion of the population that is female, the proportion of the population aged 5 and under, the proportion of the population over 5 years old that does not speak English, and the proportion of the population that are minorities were all predictors of the per capita reported post-disaster food needs. 2013. 2015; Joakim et al. Fothergill, A. At second sight, they are This corresponds with the findings of Horton (2012) regarding language barriers as a hindrance to requesting disaster assistance. Farr, P.D. Modeling impact of natural hazard-induced disasters on income distribution in the United States. An individual’s educational attainment is another social vulnerability factor that is frequently cited throughout the literature. Sadowski, N.C., and D. Sutter. Southern Economic Journal 61(2): 387–397. Journal of Black Studies 37(4): 539–554. Hazard mitigation opportunities are assessed in most situations, but some declarations will provide only individual assistance or only public assistance. Engaging residents from different ethnic and language backgrounds in disaster preparedness. Local governments are the first to respond, and if they are overwhelmed, they appeal to their state governments for assistance. The social vulnerability variables that were statistically significant predictors of the per capita reported food needs include the population over 25 with a Bachelor’s degree, the female population, the population aged 5 and under, the population older than 5 that does not speak English, and the minority population. Kunreuthe, H. 2008. The peak gusts and the distance to the coast predicted the per capita shelter needs such that as the peak gusts increased, the per capita reported shelter needs increased (B = 1.664E−5, p = 0.004), and as the distance to the coast decreased, the per capita reported shelter needs increased (B = − 2.795E−5, p < 0.001). Failing to identify and support the most vulnerable communities is a recipe for disaster. Caring for young children after a hurricane: Florida’s childcare workers reflect on support and training needs. Hamm, M.W., and A.C. Bellows. Social Research: An International Quarterly 75(3): 905–930. (2016) that age was not a hindrance towards an individual’s comfort with seeking help. Article  2003. 2019). For example, low-income individuals who cannot afford vehicles may be trapped during a disaster if public transportation or emergency mass transit is not available. The statistical insignificance of the population over 65 as a predictor of reported post-disaster food needs could be the result of conflicting individual scenarios where some members of the population over 65 have disproportionately higher food needs, while others have access to federal food and nutrition programs (Gergerich et al. Many studies have proposed social vulnerability indices for measuring both the sensitivity of a population to natural hazards and its ability to respond and recover from them. She also described frequent confusion regarding whether deportation laws would be enforced in the aftermath of a disaster. It is possible that a disproportionately higher number of groups from vulnerable populations had specific post-hurricane needs, but did not register as a result of accessibility issues, a lack of knowledge about the registration process, or a variety of additional reasons. The determinants of residential property damage caused by Hurricane Andrew. Ogie, R.I., and B. Pradhan. No multicollinearity existed between any of the predictor variables so they were all kept in the models. The social vulnerability index can be used in all phases of the disaster cycle from mitigation and preparedness through response and recovery. In addition, the literature associates higher home values with higher quality building materials (Fronstin and Holtmann 1994; Sadowski and Sutter 2005; Awondo et al. Social vulnerability is determined by various factors such as physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards. Ventura, S.L. Social vulnerability is the degree to which a community exhibits certain social conditions that may affect its ability to prevent human suffering and financial loss in the event of natural disaster, man-made ecological disaster or disease outbreak like the current pandemic. The population older than 25 with a Bachelor’s degree, the population older than 5 that does not speak English, and the minority population were negative predictors of the per capita food needs such that the per capita reported food needs decreased by 0.013 for each percent of the population over 25 with a Bachelor’s degree (B = − 0.013, p = 0.005); the per capita reported food needs decreased by 0.026 for each percent of the population above 5 years old that does not speak English (B = − 0.026, p < 0.001); and the per capita reported food needs decreased by 0.005 for each percent of the minority population (B = − 0.005, p = 0.013). These figures were obtained by importing the HURREVAC (Hurricane Evacuation) storm advisory for Hurricane Florence in the impacted regions, and running an analysis for the hurricane model in Hazus. Shirley. These sources include the FEMA registration phoneline and website as well as the FEMA Disaster Recovery Centers. 2018. How does social groups maintain its functions and/or recover from the disruption? Khankeh, A. Ebadi, R. Sahaf, M. Nakhaei, and A. Asgary. Social Vulnerability refers to the inability of people, organizations and societies to withstand adverse impacts to hazards due to characteristics inherent in social interactions, institutions and systems of … Talking of vulnerability in business can mean the inabilities of the business or organization to withstand the competitive marketing environment while vulnerability in an individual is facing hostile situation in work relationships, social relationships, racism and others. Joakim, E.P., L. Mortsch, G. Oulahen, D. Harford, Y. Klein, K. Damude, and K. Tang. In the event of natural disasters and extreme weather events, some groups are especially prone to poor health, hospitalization, or even death, due to their socioeconomic status, household composition, limited English-speaking ability, substandard housing, or substandard transportation. 2015. It varies over space and time,… Kim and Bostwick (2020) found that the proportion of African American residents in Chicago communities has an independent effect on the COVID-19 death rate. The overall results for the age-related variables also appear to correspond with those of previous studies. The Identify tool also provided information on the distance to the coast for each zip code. Social vulnerability is determined by various factors such as physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards. Coble. Assessing social vulnerability can be used as an effective measure of risk brought about by hazards and disasters in a community. Griffin. Acquiring federal disaster assistance: Investigating equitable resources distribution within FEMA’s home assistance program. Accessed 26 Jan 2020. Social Vulnerability to Disasters - Kindle edition by Thomas, Deborah S.K., Phillips, Brenda D., Fothergill, Alice, Blinn-Pike, Lynn. With the same variables controlled for, three variables—the proportions of the population over 65, the population aged 5 and under, and the non-English-speaking population above 5 years of age—were all predictors of the per capita reported shelter needs. Although it is surprising that education is not a statistically significant predictor of reported post-disaster emergency and shelter needs, it is possible that an increased education creates more opportunities for individuals to adopt practices that promote food security (Keenan et al. The author would like to acknowledge the individuals that were impacted by Hurricane Florence, FEMA for providing valuable data, and the reviewers for providing insightful comments on the research. The social construction of natural disasters results from power inequalities in society that leads to vulnerability of certain groups. The application of frameworks for measuring social vulnerability and resilience to geophysical hazards within developing countries: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. (2007) estimated that 75,000 infants were directly affected by Hurricane Katrina. Disaster events are global occurrences, but the individual impacts are often influenced by vulnerability. Social vulnerability research has become a deeply interdisciplinary science, rooted in the modern realization that humans are the causal agents of disasters – i.e., disasters are never natural, but a consequence of human behavior. Social Science Quarterly 84(2): 242–261. These results highlight disproportionate post-hurricane needs for specific community characteristics, and suggest that more emphasis should be placed on these groups when planning for disaster response and recovery operations. Community food security and nutrition educators. Brief communication: Rapid assessment of damaged residential buildings in the Florida Keys after Hurricane Irma. The section concludes with a description of the methods that were used to analyze the data. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 97(3): 551–566. Maternal and Child Health Journal 11(4): 307–311. The analysis controls for event-specific factors and factors that can potentially mitigate flood damage. Ran, J., B.H. Bonn, Germany: UNU-EHS. Gender, place and mental health recovery in disasters: Addressing issues of equality and difference. The 2010 Haiti and Chili earthquakes, the 2010 BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, and the 2011 Fukushima earthquake and tsunami in Japan are but a few examples of recent catastrophic events that continue to reveal how social structure and roles produce extensive human suffering and differential impacts on individuals and communities. Such challenges likely generate needs that resulted in the parents or guardians applying for disaster assistance. PolicyMap has health es…. Florence has been ranked among the 10 costliest hurricanes in U.S. history with approximately 50% of the damage attributed to uninsured losses caused by residential flooding (Paul et al. Grudenzen. Ribeiro, K.G., L.O.M. This includes the data collection process and sources. These data were obtained by looking up the homeowners with flood insurance and the median home values (US$) for each individual zip code in the analysis using SimplyAnalytics (2020), and the program also derived these datasets through EASI. Fang, L., J. Wu, and T. Miljkovic. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions were initially used to examine if the above-mentioned predictor variables were significant predictors of the valid registrations that reported needs pertaining to emergencies, food, and shelter. Emrich. (2018) found that the distance to the coast was a significant determinant of damage in Big Pine Key, Florida in the aftermath of Hurricane Irma. However, the homeowners with flood insurance and the median home value were not statistically significant predictors of the per capita reported shelter needs. 2013). Crowley, J. In terms of the social vulnerability variables, the female population, population over 65, and the population aged 5 and under were positive predictors of the per capita reported emergency needs such that the per capita reported emergency needs increased by 0.071 for each percent of the female population (B = 0.071, p < 0.001); the per capita reported emergency needs increased by 0.023 for each percent of the population over 65 (B = 0.023, p < 0.020); and the per capita reported emergency needs increased by 0.048 for each percent of the population aged 5 and under (B = 0.048, p = 0.001). (2019) surveyed 180 residents from a variety of ethnic and language backgrounds in Logan City, Australia, and found that policymakers need to give more consideration to how different ethnic groups understand and prepare for disasters. The results suggest that more attention should be given to these vulnerable populations in the pre-disaster planning process. Disaster events are global occurrences, but the individual impacts are often influenced by vulnerability. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Responses demonstrated a need and desire for greater support in regards to disaster preparedness, and an increased availability for training sessions on the emotional needs of children following disaster events. Morrow, and H. Gladwin, 171–179. Lesen, and R.J. Ferreira. Specifically, Figure 6-1 indicates the effects of a disaster are determined by three preimpact conditions—hazard exposure, physical vulnerability, and social vulnerability. Social and economic structure of a society is a major determinant of the vulnerability of the population to the impact of disasters. They found that the rate of gender-based violence among internally displaced people in traveler trailer parks in Mississippi increased within the year following Katrina, and did not return to baseline during the protracted phase of displacement. Analytics for everyone. Disaster losses are only at first sight the result of the respective events. Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. 2020. Horton, L. 2012. Journal of South Carolina Water Resources 6(1): 28–35. The predictor variables as a group predicted the per capita total valid registrations that reported emergency needs, F (11, 394) = 31.259, p < 0.001, f2 = 0.82. CDC Social Vulnerability Index. Interface (Botucatu) 22(1): 1387–1398. The application process for IHP begins with registration by the individual. Table 1 displays descriptive statistics for the variables, which include the means, standard deviations, minimum, and maximum values. 2008. Nonetheless, this research provides an important contribution pertaining to requests for post-disaster needs by highlighting specific vulnerable groups that exhibited fewer requests for assistance following Hurricane Florence. Accessed 2 Aug 2020. The population over 5 years old that does not speak English was the only negative predictor of per capita reported shelter needs such that the per capita reported shelter needs decreased by 0.011 for each percent of the population older than 5 years not speaking English (B = − 0.011, p < 0.001). Aksha et al. Int J Disaster Risk Sci (2020). Spence, P.R., K.A. Callaghan et al. 2009 UNISDR terminology on disaster risk reduction. In contrast, Urmson et al. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 4(2): 169–181. (2020) frequently observed an ongoing, chronic anxiety regarding health and family among women in the post-disaster environment. Florence was a Category 1 hurricane that made landfall near Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina on 14 September 2018 (Griffin et al. Social vulnerability assessments take into account that individuals and communities have different levels of access to resources to prepare for, cope with and recover from disasters. In the post-disaster environment, Fothergill (1998) suggests that men are more likely to view financial aid as a stigma because the payments challenge their role as the breadwinner. Lightfoot et al. © 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. 2007). On a similar note, Chen et al. The first subsection discusses the descriptive statistics of the variables. There is also reference to the role of income as a factor influencing one’s willingness to request disaster assistance. Accessed 29 Mar 2020. Daddoust, L., H.R. Such stresses include natural or human-caused disasters, or disease outbreaks. For example, a neighborhood along the Gulf Coast with a large elderly population would be at greater risk of harm from hurricanes than a similar neighborhood further inland. Parmer. For example, recent work in the Clear Creek watershed on the Texas Coast demonstrated that upwards of 40 percent of flood claims between 1999 to 2009 came from outside of the currently configured floodplain. “That was surprising to us.” Crisis communication, race, and natural disasters. The predictor variables as a group also predicted the per capita total valid registrations that reported food needs, F (11, 394) = 34.607, p < 0.001, f2 = 0.91. Ph.D dissertation. The CDC has outlined an approach for emergency managers to create more resilient communities by defining, locating, and reaching at-risk populations, relying in part on the SVI. The stigma of charity: Gender, class, and disaster assistance. Demographics, infrastructure and the economic status of a community affects its capacity to respond and recover from a disaster. The gendered nature of natural disasters: The impact of catastrophic events on the gender gap in life expectancy. “Population resource balance seems to contribute very little to vulnerability to food shortage,” said Nelson. MacGillivray, Y. Gong, and T.C. National Lawyers Guild Review 69(3): 140–159. The female population and the population component aged 5 and under were positive predictors of the per capita reported food needs such that the per capita reported food needs increased by 0.047 for each percent of the female population (B = 0.047, p < 0.001); and the per capita reported food needs increased by 0.028 for each percent of the population aged 5 and under (B = 0.028, p = 0.015). In this section, we demonstrate the potential value of the SVI for the response and recovery phases by using Hurricane Katrina’s impact on New Orleans … Landry, and K.H. Failing to identify and support the most vulnerable communities is a recipe for disaster. 2013. The data used for this research consist of 406 zip codes in North Carolina and South Carolina that received major disaster declarations for Hurricane Florence with individual assistance and had valid registrations for the IHP. (2015) found a correlation between high levels of vulnerability and low levels of resilience among U.S. counties. They conclude that this may inhibit personal resilience and the ability to cope with future events. The death toll from natural disasters: The role of income, geography, and institutions. The determination of program eligibility is based on the needs found during the damage assessment, and any other information that may be discovered at a later time (FEMA n.d.). 2007. Pollnac, R.B., T. Seara, L.L. Social vulnerability is defined as “the susceptibility of groups to the impacts of hazards, as well as their resiliency, or ability to adequately recover from them” (Cutter and Emrich, 2006, p. 103). The researchers found that social factors were much more important than resource factors in predicting food security for populations following natural disasters. Children, Youth and Environments 18(1): 237–253. The results suggest that when controlling for event-specific factors and flood mitigation factors, the proportions of the population that is female, the population over 65, the population aged 5 and under, the population older than 5 years not speaking English, and the minority population were all predictors of the per capita reported emergency needs. Hamilton, et al. The previous quote was derived from an excel file that was downloaded from the FEMA website with the title “Individuals and Households Program-Valid Registrations.” The data that were utilized from this source for the impacted zip codes include the valid registrations that reported emergency needs, food needs, and shelter needs. Momtaz, F. Alipour, H. Khankeh, S. Ahmadi, M. Sabzi Khoshnami, and S.A. Haron. Details on the data collection and analysis are provided in the next section. Johnston, and S. Kemp. It is possible that more women than men reported these particular needs after Florence due to increased female anxieties over the health and well-being of family members (Lightfoot et al. (2016) determined that an individual’s socioeconomic status was not related to their comfort level in seeking disaster assistance. Viewing SVI along with flood zones shows two large coastal area with major overlaps—an area southeast of Tallahassee, Florida, and much of the Louisiana coast. SimplyAnalytics. Bergstrand, K., B. Mayer, B. Brumback, and Y. Zhang. Other studies cite gender inequality as a characteristic of social vulnerability and its impacts on disaster response and recovery. The population over 65 as a statistically significant, positive predictor of reported post-disaster emergency needs and shelter needs could be explained by their overall higher risk for preexisting health conditions (Har 2016) and emergency department visits following a disaster event (Malik et al. Create compelling maps for your organization. The extracted zip code shapefile was then added to the Hazus map with the imported HURREVAC storm advisory for Hurricane Florence. Social vulnerability is the degree to which a community exhibits certain social conditions that may affect its ability to prevent human suffering and financial loss in the event of natural disaster, man-made ecological disaster or disease outbreak like the current pandemic. For example, Malik et al. 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