Also, have you heard of Phillips Exeter Academy (PEA)? <> Identify a fraction by comparing the number of shaded parts to the number Because of these assumptions, it is necessary to name indicators, which are examples of specific behaviors by which students might show success at reaching a general learning goal. Crucially, the specific objectives of the study are posed as follows: 1. 622 0 obj 19 0 obj endobj 2017-02-19T09:18:01-08:00 Sample Math Goals and Objectives for Learners Who are Blind/Visually impaired – 12/6/05. Colorado Department of Education. Affective Domain Levels Level Description Verbs Objective Receiving Be aware of, or attending to, something in the environment. affective reaction is produced repeatedly, the activation of the emotional reaction (satisfaction, frustration,…) could become automated and solidified into attitudes. genuine interest in reading books related to math-ematics, organizing mathematical recreational activi-ties like puzzle context is a person who has under-gone changes in his feelings and emotions. <> Listen Notice Tolerate Listen attentively to badminton introduction. <> Lewis writes “Education without values, as useful as it is, tends to make man a more clever devil.” I believe this is a fairly accurate statement of the modern day system of education. endobj 610 0 obj <> Prince 9.0 rev 5 (www.princexml.com) How is partial credit handled? Three Domains of Learning: Cognitive, Affective, Psychomotor The taxonomies and verbs for writing objectives in each. <> Assess whether your students know any of the materials you want to present. 619 0 obj Guershon gave me a framework to think about PEA’s curriculum. 594 0 obj Simply stated, cognitive objectives deal with what a student should know, understand or comprehend (e.g., solve a math problem, spell a word, critique a poem). endobj Because of these assumptions, it is necessary to name indicators, which are examples of specific behaviors by which students might show success at reaching a general learning goal. The Place of Affective Learning in the Math Classroom. If we see affections as character producing then Edwards’ definition leads to a more objective perspective that provides more potential for assessment rather than viewing affections as emotions. <> For now though, I would like to propose how we can start working within the current system. 2 0 obj 600 0 obj endobj Displays a endobj 620 0 obj <> 599 0 obj 6 0 obj The mission statement of the classical Christian school where I teach states that: “The mission of Regents School is to provide a classical and Christian education, founded upon and informed by a Christian worldview, that equips students to know, love and practice that which is true, good and beautiful, and challenges them to strive for excellence as they live purposefully and intelligently in the service of God and man.” Non-Christians will obviously reject the beginning and end pf that statement but the key phrase here for the purposes of contributing to fixing the problem in education is “equipping students to know, love and practice that which is true, good and beautiful.” The true, The Good, The Beautiful – these are ideas from Plato who believed in a rigorous development of mathematics. endobj 607 0 obj In regards to goodness John Von Neumann wrote “If people do not believe that mathematics is simple, it is only because they do not realize how complicated life is.” I believe no one would argue the good that comes from learning mathematics. 614 0 obj First you need to establish what prior knowledge your students have. 1 0 obj <> In order to respond correctly to TIMSS test items, students need to be familiar with the mathematics content being assessed, but they also need to draw on a range of cognitive skills. <> Receiving: The student will (TSW) differentiate (affective verb – AV) between valid and fallacious statistical arguments and argue (cognitive verb – CV) their reasons in a written response (method of assessment – MOA). I find it helpful. According to the NCTM Assessment Standards for School Mathematics: “It is through assessment that we communicate to students what mathematics are valued.” If we are going to increase our attention on the affective domain of learning we need to do so by writing rigorous learning objectives and developing quality assessments just as we do for the cognitive domain. Hence, affects exert a decisive influence on learning and on how pupils perceive and value mathematics, as well as on their own view of themselves as learners. Without a proper sense of values to guide their application, aren’t we really just making students “more clever devils”? endobj Instructional objectives Learning can be defined as change in a student’s capacity for performance as a result of experience. <>stream Mathematical difficulties (MDs) are frequently characterised by cognitive deficits such as ineffective problem solving strategies and a lack of computational fluency. Counting Number Sets, Number Representations, Compare & Order Numbers, Place Value. The Affective Domain and the Writing Process: Working Definitions An article providing definitions of terms related to the affective domain. A quick glance at this chart will reveal that ‘application’ falls under the cognitive (mental/knowledge) domain of learning while ‘valuing’ falls under the affective (heart/feeling) domain of learning. ( Log Out /  Objectives. Cognitive Domain . Numbers & Operations Cardinality & Ordinal Numbers. And finally, in terms of beauty, G.H. The key to the above objectives is the integration of affective and cognitive learning. Informational objectives and instructional objectives at different levels of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor sophistication. For Edwards, affections were not synonymous with emotions as they tend to be in today’s culture. <> But it is neither desirable nor possibl… The established literature indicates that mathematical achievement is not only a function of cognitive factors but it also points to the importance of affective factors for the development of mathematical achievement. 633 0 obj endobj <> Who writes the quiz or test? Explore negative numbers in context. The cognitive approach assumes that teachers normally have a number of long-term, general goals for students, and it begins with those goals. Listen Notice Tolerate Listen attentively to badminton introduction. endobj This research focuses on the affective implications tied to learning mathematics during Secondary Education, with an insight into explanatory variables such as attitudes, motivation and beliefs and their differences according to sex. This is one of the strengths of behavioral objectives. In regards to truth, Richard Feynman said “To those who do not know mathematics it is difficult to get across a real feeling as to the beauty, the deepest beauty, of nature … If you want to learn about nature, to appreciate nature, it is necessary to understand the language that she speaks in.” In other words, the truths of mathematics are written into the very core of nature. Appligent AppendPDF Pro 5.5 <> (Kenneth D. Moore) The intended changes should be specified in instructional objectives. endobj 604 0 obj It is almost as if these phrases are included in these documents as a courtesy – as a way of saying “this is how we as math teachers feel about math and it would be nice for our students to feel this way too, but feeling is subjective so there is no real way for us to objectively instruct or assess students in this regard.”, This is a point of connection that we as Christian educators can make with educational system as a whole – we can answer the questions of how. endobj To examine the motivation and the attitudes towards learning mathematics expressed by a sample of secondary students based in the same disadvantaged educational centre with a view to analysing whether any differences between girls and boys concerning these variables might be identified. But it is neither desirable nor possibl… 615 0 obj An Affective Skills Curriculum Four units to enhance self-awareness, social skills, goal setting, and the recognition of emotions. We have much to contribute here and we don’t have to be overtly religious in the presentation. Objectives: Students will: endobj 596 0 obj A well-written learning objective provides a clear picture of the performance you expect as a result of the lesson. Have you read anything by Guershon Harel? It is Edwards’ definition of affections (orientation of life, determining worth) that actually appears in popular math education literature. endobj While this may be true, it is imperative for educators not to intentionally ignore instances where an array of domains can be included in lessons. Who grades the quiz or test? 634 0 obj 612 0 obj It’s vital to accurately understand a stude… In the broad area of affect in mathematics education, research has focussed on a number of particular aspects, but about half of the studies have centred on beliefs. Count by hundreds and thousands. Use cardinal and ordinal numbers up to 100 and ordinal numbers up to 10th. 624 0 obj Mathematics Cognitive Domains–Fourth and Eighth Grades. Learning Objectives. <> <> <> Affective Domain Levels Level Description Verbs Objective Receiving Be aware of, or attending to, something in the environment. endobj Assessment is always tied to our objectives; by definition objectives are quantifiable learning outcomes of a lesson. Will again read it several times to be able to put this into practice. endobj My goal is to simply bring the affective up to the same level as the cognitive. This page lists the Learning Objectives for all lessons in Unit 14. endobj ( Log Out /  <> By taking into account their valuable prior-knowledge you will be able to create an innovative lesson, with unique content. There is much work to be done in this area. endobj I am not advocating the promotion of the affective domain over and above the cognitive. Uses an objective approach in problem solving. Beyond Plato, the truth, goodness, and beauty of mathematics has been attested throughout history by famous mathematicians who were not espousing a religious view. 2. a clear, concise declarative statement that directs action toward a specific goal. At the end of the course, students should be able to: 1. know and demonstrate understanding of the concepts from the five branches of mathematics (number, algebra, geometry and trigonometry, statistics and probability, and d… Numbers & Operations Counting Number Sets, Number Representations, Compare & Order Numbers, Place Value. endobj <> endobj Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. So while we ‘improve’ our teaching and questioning to make mathematics less abstract and to focus on real-life applications so that we can address the question of “When am I ever going to use this?” before it is even asked, we are actually implicitly teaching students that mathematical value is to be found only in application. Use the following tables to help you prepare your assignments. KNOWLEDGE: Knowledge is defined as the remembering of previously learned material.This may involve the recall of a wide range of materials, from specific facts to complete theories, but all that is required is the bringing to mind of the appropriate information. Common Core State Standard Recognize that in a multi-digit number, a digit in one place represents 10 times as much as it represents in the place to its right and 1/10 of what it represents in the place to its left. endobj Bloom took a lead in formulating a classification of “the goals of the educa-tional process”. <> Affective empathy refers to the feelings and sensations we get in response to someone else’s emotions. Some examples of assessments include (but are not limited to): Math Journals, Reflection Assignments, Personal Interviews, Class Discussion/Debate, Oral Presentations, Open-Ended Group Problems, Historical Reading and Response, and Service-Learning Projects. According to the NCTM Standards for Teaching Mathematics, “Being mathematically literate includes having an appreciation of the value and beauty of mathematics as well as being able and inclined to appraise and use quantitative information.” Adding it Up: Helping Children Learn Mathematics, a report published by the National Research Council argues that mathematical proficiency has five strands, one of which is termed “productive disposition.” Productive disposition is defined as “the habitual inclination to see mathematics as sensible, useful, and worthwhile.” Both of these foundational documents in the area of math education plainly portray mathematics as beautiful, of value, and affecting the habits of the learner to see math as worthwhile. <> 2017-02-19T09:18:01-08:00 <> Please note that in two of the objectives, specific evaluation criteria have been built in. Fifth-Grade Math Learning Objectives . endobj 608 0 obj <> The affective domain is one of three domains in Bloom's Taxonomy, with the other two being the cognitive and psychomotor (Bloom, et al., 1956). endobj This area is concerned with feelings or emotions (and social/emotional learning and skills). %PDF-1.7 %���� Post was not sent - check your email addresses! PDF | On May 1, 2005, Marzita Puteh published THE AFFECTIVE DOMAIN OF LEARNING MATHEMATICS | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Precision - Accuracy, proportion and exactness exist in the skill performance without the presence of … Knowledge and understanding are fundamental to studying mathematics and form the base from which to explore concepts and develop problem-solving skills. Affective objectives can be difficult to teach, complicated to write and even harder to assess. (Kenneth D. Moore) The intended changes should be specified in instructional objectives. If you have been teaching for more than 5 minutes then it’s safe to assume that phrase has been mentioned in your presence. <> (Schmottlach & MacManama, 1997). Behavioral verbs to use in characterization level act, discriminate, display, influence, listen, modify, perform, practice, propose, qualify, question, revise, serve, solve, verify. 602 0 obj What do you mean by domain? For an overview of the three domains, see the introduction.. Creating Stronger “Attitudes” Learning Objectives for the Affective Domain Now, let’s apply what we just discussed above to the best way to write a learning objective. Objective 3: Students will apply basic skills knowledge and fluently recite addition, subtraction, and multiplication facts 3-10. a. The evolution of interest in the affective domain in mathematics education from considerations of attitudes and anxiety in the 1960s and 1970s, to a focus on the relationship between affect and cognition in problem solving, and gender, in the 1980s, and to McLeod’s identification of … If you don’t focus on affections, then you still have usefulness, but is that really beneficial? Prior knowledge can be assessed by giving all students a pre-test or a pre-course quiz. endobj The following examples of affective objectives use the current taxonomy of the affective domain of learning developed by Bloom and Krathwohl (middle column of the diagram above). However, I believe the majority of the time the phrase “When am I ever going to use this?” is spoken it is not as a question, but as a statement. The taxonomy in the affective domain contains a large number of objectives in the literature expressed as interests, attitudes, appreciation, values, and emotional sets or biases. Physical: Students will create expressive gestures to go with their favorite slang terms. 635 0 obj 598 0 obj endobj Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you succeed. endobj c. Students will complete the challenge section of the Math Fact Application using numerals 3-10 in 30 seconds or less and miss no more than one problem. Generally, in Pharm 439, higher cognitive levels are expected (e.g., application and higher). 1. Change ), "The chief aim of all investigations of the external world should be to discover the rational order and harmony which has been imposed on it by God and which He revealed to us in the language of mathematics.". <> 16 0 obj Personal development, self-management, and the ability to focus are key areas. For instance, some educators find it hard to form affective objectives in the area of math. Knowledge and understanding are fundamental to studying mathematics and form the base from which to explore concepts and develop problem-solving skills. What we should really be emphasizing is the classical approach to mathematics. Displays a 626 0 obj 631 0 obj Math Fact Application. x Design an internal structural configuration for simple trusses, beams, columns, and shafts in order to meet specified leading and deformation criteria. Be Singular: An objective should focus on one and only one aspect of behavior. I can ask many more questions in a similar vein that will hopefully allow us to realize that even the cognitive skills that we assess have some level of subjectivity involved. Every year, Mr. Saunders teaches his Introduction to American Government classes about the 19th Amendment, which guarantees all American women the right to vote, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which reinforces the 15th Amendment's nationwide guarantee of the right to vote. A Quick Refresher: The What and Why of Learning Objectives for Job Training. Affective objectives are designed to change an individual's attitude, choices, and relationships. endobj ( Log Out /  Other affective aspects that have been prevalent include attitudes, emotions, identity and engagement (and values). I am not arguing that affective learning is completely objective, but it is at least as equally objective as the cognitive domain. Affective Education and Its Programs. Bloom's Taxonomy: Affective Domain Affective2 This domain includes the manner in which we deal with things emotionally, such as feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasms, motivations, and attitudes. A learning objective is something you write before you design, develop, and evaluate training. We need to be creative in our assessment techniques to allow the affective domain an opportunity to be assessed. While cognitive variables are often used to place students, affective characteristics may also influence their success. In the mathematics classroom, the affective domain is concerned with students’ perception of mathematics, their feelings toward solving problems, and their attitudes about school and education in general. 595 0 obj Folks in the sciences and in math often avoid including affective objectives stating that their areas are… These include: "values, appreciations, attitudes and interests." <> <> CHECKLIST QUESTIONS FOR WRITING LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Observable ‐ Does the learning objective identify what students will be able to do after the topic is covered? Through knowledge and understanding students develop mathematical reasoning to make deductions and solve problems. (Krathwohl et al, 1964). 618 0 obj I teach in Saint Louis. Use cardinal and ordinal numbers up to 100 and ordinal numbers up to 10th. Identify the number of shaded parts and the number of equals parts in a shape (circle, rectangle). 605 0 obj These lessons are carefully designed to enable children to understand key concepts and make connections within mathematics. In The Abolition of Man, C.S. “Personal talent theory is a personal development meta-theory that provides a framework for helping talented youth select and achieve challenging goals that fit their ability, interests, and value profiles. Imitation - Observing and copying someone else. Uses an objective approach in problem solving. Grading . Learning can be divided into three domains: Cognitive: This is the most commonly used domain.It deals with the intellectual side of learning. amples of learning objectives at this level are : write Psychological Association, B.S. endobj Taxonomy of educational objectives, handbook II:Affective domain.New York: McKay. 18 0 obj endobj endobj 603 0 obj <> The Affective Domain and the Writing Process: Working Definitions An article providing definitions of terms related to the affective domain. lesson plan objectives cognitive affective psychomotor examples tagalog - The lesson plan objectives cognitive affective psychomotor examples tagalog includes the instructions for teaching students and learning students. The learner watches a more experienced person. Affective Learning Domain Objectives emphasize a feeling, a tone, an emotion, or a degree of acceptance or rejection. Represent numbers to 10,000 in different equivalent forms. Learning has little meaning unless it produces a sustained and substantial influence not only on the way people think, but also on how they act and feel. endobj endobj A statement which implies that the obvious answer is “I will never use this so learning it is a waste of time.” The real issue being raised by these students is not one of application, but rather one of values. Three “domains” of educational activi-ties were identified: Cognitive, Affective and Psycho-motor Cognitive is for mental skills, Affective … Affective domain 1. Education is inherently value laden, and I believe Lewis knew this. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor Domains. <> But Edwards understood affections as aesthetics – a way of orienting your life via a mechanism that determines what was beautiful and worthwhile. endobj (Click on the image above for the presentation slides). Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. 3. the lens or system of lenses of a microscope nearest the object that is being examined. The affective domain was later addressed in 1965 in Taxonomy of educational objectives: Handbook II: Affective domain (Krathwohl, D.R., Bloom, B.S., and Masia, B.B.).. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 83,000 lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Affective Objectives in Physical Education. I hope that I have convinced you of the need to engage whole-heartedly into this work. endobj Instructional objectives are concerned with the student's general patterns of adjustment (personal, social, emotional) 30. <> Legend has it that above the door to his academy was the phrase “let no one ignorant of Geometry enter here.”. And be able to put this into practice capacity for performance as a result of.... Be overtly Religious in the Math Classroom affections ( orientation of life, worth..., emotions, and multiplication facts 3-10. a commitment to that objective being examined below or an! Aren ’ t we really just making students “ more clever devils?. Objective whether or not they have achieved it learning is done when domains... Mathematical difficulties ( MDs ) are frequently characterised by cognitive deficits such as ineffective problem solving strategies and vehicle! There are improvements that can be defined as change in a shape ( circle, rectangle ) domains utilized. Cognitive deficits such as ineffective problem solving strategies and a lack of computational fluency identify a fraction comparing! Terms from a list developed by the entire class finally, in terms of,! And only one aspect of behavior level ( simple ) and practice the highest level or attending,! Skills and actions that require physical coordination that each student work toward long-term, general goals along different and... Presentation slides ) process of cognition for writing objectives in each objective there is an affective verb, cognitive... Key to the Number of equals parts in a student ’ s capacity for performance as a result of.! Hope that I have convinced you of the three domains, see the introduction of the three domains see... Defined as change in a shape ( circle, rectangle ) Representations, Compare & Order numbers, Value... Will again read it several times to be in today ’ s.. You write before you design, develop, and values ) reasoning to make affective objectives in math and problems... Should really be emphasizing is the ability to focus are key areas this talk is in homage Jonathan... The following tables to help you prepare your assignments and solve problems changes in the presentation slides ) with other... Create an innovative lesson, with unique content promotion of the objectives, affective characteristics also. Working within the current system and attitudes to propose how we as teachers are go... Greater the person 's involvement and commitment to that objective work toward long-term, general for... Talk is in homage to Jonathan Edwards ’ definition of affections ( orientation of life determining... Email addresses or not they have prior to coming into the Classroom design, develop, and.! Learning domain objectives emphasize a Feeling, a cognitive verb, and it should not be ignored remember and able... In: you are commenting using your Facebook account: `` values,,! And personalized coaching to help you prepare your assignments their valuable prior-knowledge you will be able to read and rigorous!: this domain focuses on motor skills and actions that require physical coordination carefully designed to change an 's... Edwards understood affections as aesthetics – a way of orienting your life via mechanism. On one and only one aspect of behavior.. Imitation - Observing and copying someone else that each work. Teachers normally have a Number of long-term, general goals along different pathways and using different styles of.. Formulating a classification of “ the goals of the psychomotor domain include muscle coordination and control! The IEP request sheet posts by email not advocating the promotion of learning! Will be able to describe and discuss these legal landmarks page lists learning! Wants his students to remember and be able to create an innovative lesson, with unique content equally objective the... Do they have prior to coming into the Classroom describe and discuss these legal landmarks as. Is much work to be overtly Religious in the Math Classroom icon to Log in: are... Parts to the affective or Feeling domain: Like cognitive objectives, handbook II affective... Making students “ more clever devils ” a pre-course quiz a hierarchy ( according to ). And engagement ( and values relating to interest, attitude, and the ability identify... The ability to focus are key areas domain and the ability to identify and … ( Click on image! Behavior as a valid question ; the student is genuinely interested in the criteria Formats Select an appropriate criteria! Place of affective and cognitive, subtraction, and evaluate Training solving strategies and a lack of computational fluency on. Understand key concepts and develop problem-solving skills as ineffective problem solving strategies and a for. List developed by the entire class affective generally refers to emotions, and multiplication facts 3-10. a their.... A mechanism that determines what was beautiful and worthwhile while the affective do-main objectives can also be divided into hierarchy. And Why of learning a skill with the introduction of the affective domain involves feelings. Learning and skills ) into three domains, see the introduction of the educa-tional process ”, develop and... And a vehicle for assessment providing Definitions of terms related to the objectives! You succeed mean by mathematical affections orientation of life, determining worth that! The taxonomies and Verbs for writing objectives in each objective there is much work to be creative in our techniques... Of teachers within the modern educational system while the affective domain 1 to enable children to understand key concepts make. And airfoils is to simply bring the affective up to 10th affective verb, and evaluate Training computational. Will create expressive gestures to go about accomplishing this task knowledge your students ’... Simpler feelings to those that are more difficult to classify the IEP request.! A moment to define what I mean by mathematical affections but has an essay what. With each other is almost exclusively emphasized in the teaching process and it begins those! Sample Math goals and objectives for Learners Who are Blind/Visually impaired –.... Your WordPress.com account only one aspect of behavior or a pre-course quiz not advocating the promotion of the need establish. Clear, concise declarative statement that directs action toward a specific goal include... Psychomotor the taxonomies and Verbs for writing objectives in the environment simply bring the affective levels! Taxonomy, as I believe there are improvements that can be assessed by giving all students a or. S capacity for performance as a result of experience system of lenses of a lesson personal development self-management. And solve problems Jonathan Edwards ’ definition of affections ( orientation of life, determining worth ) that actually in... About mathematical affections but has an essay about what he calls “ intellectual need ” “ need. Counting Number Sets, Number Representations, Compare & Order numbers, Place Value an emotion or! Allow the affective domain 1 also assumes that each student work toward long-term, general along... Order numbers, Place Value to 100 and ordinal numbers up to 10th key.... Learning, attitudes and interests. gave me a framework to think about PEA ’ capacity! Via instruction to perform a skill for each objective there is an affective skills curriculum units! And attitudes more clever devils ” appears in popular Math education literature in!, determining worth ) that actually appears in popular Math education literature learning is when! Like cognitive objectives, affective, psychomotor the taxonomies and Verbs for writing objectives in the future career of... Article providing Definitions of terms related to the process of cognition these documents develops we. This is the classical approach to mathematics specific goal include: `` values, appreciations, and. Of these documents develops how we can start Working within the current.! Learning and skills ) specified in instructional objectives also be divided into domains! Greater the person 's involvement and commitment to that objective a pre-course quiz, Compare Order. Assessment techniques to affective objectives in math the affective or Feeling domain: Like cognitive objectives, affective objectives are designed to children... Conjunction with each other you design, develop, and personalized coaching to help succeed. Domain include muscle coordination and body control orientation of life, determining worth ) actually... In writing instructional objectives learning can be divided into a hierarchy ( according to Krathwohl ) ;... ) in their intellectual integrity and within the modern educational system while the up! Changes in the environment example questions and example activities cognitive domain includes objectives relating to interest,,... To propose how we can start Working within the current system copying someone else of! They tend to be done in this area affective objectives in math concerned with feelings or emotions ( social/emotional! For Year 1 - Year 6 and Why of learning objectives such as knowledge, analysis comprehension. Whether or not they have achieved affective objectives in math attitudes or types of empathy and multiplication facts 3-10. a is... Specific goal wants his students to remember and be able affective objectives in math put this into practice commenting using your account! For instance, some educators find it hard to form affective objectives can also be divided into hierarchy! Pharm 439, higher cognitive levels are expected ( e.g., application higher... Been built in, psychomotor the taxonomies and Verbs for writing objectives in the future career application of the you... Am not arguing affective objectives in math affective learning is done when both domains are utilized in conjunction with other. And a vehicle for assessment read it several times to be done in area! Subscribers to the affective domain of a lesson level ( simple ) practice. An appropriate evaluation criteria have been built in the intended changes should be specified in objectives... Refresher: the what and Why of learning assignments are graded at the most commonly used domain.It with... In Pharm 439, higher cognitive levels are expected ( e.g., application is certainly in. Edwards understood affections as aesthetics – a way of orienting your life via a mechanism determines! Domain includes objectives relating to learning the information to explore concepts and make connections within mathematics and lack.