He highlights the role of the so-called "third" and cultural sectors that need to lobby and influence policy at all levels. Discuss the role of civil society participation in development policymaking. Specifically, it focuses on the following aspects: how civil society actors organize themselves into advocacy coalitions; how policy networks are formed to influence policy processes and outcomes; and how policy research institutes contribute their research into policy. Les points communs des cultures. The third group of organizations includes different professional organizations which mostly act as advocacy organizations with a broad membership, including independent artists, artists employed in public institutions and/or professionals working in different cultural fields (i.e. In order to meet their own interest, that of achieving the desired outcome, politicians in power must organize their decision making process in such a way that the interested parties or stakeholders are involved, and in this way stand a reasonable chance of success. Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) also have an important role to play in influencing policies and practices to make them pro-poor. The role of civil society in ensuring good governance: Challenges facing public ... enhance community cohesion and decision-making. The development of non-profit organizations and associations in the cultural field in Croatia is also analysed in the National Report on Cultural Policy, and the authors of the National Report share many observations highlighted by Gojko Bežovan and other researchers who have dealt with the role of civil society in Croatia. An overview of existing legislation in the cultural field shows that the civil society, particularly professional organizations, have a certain degree of representation in different segments of the process of cultural policy making. Still, in contemporary democratic societies, it is hard to imagine any form of decision-making process that does not take into consideration opinions and notions from the civil society, expressed either through individual involvement or on an institutional level. of civil society, Book: The Unifying Aspects (Hague, Harrop, Breslin, 1998) Depending on the approach adopted, the role of civil society representatives differs. ), correspondence with the decision makers, informal and formal meetings. Representatives of professional organizations and some important cultural institutions also participate in the work of the Committee for Culture, Education and Science of the Croatian Parliament and they are invited to participate in different ad-hoc committees, especially when the Government is in the process of drafting new laws. In 2002, there was a protest of independent artists and a public debate with the Ministry of Culture over the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Social Affairs' presentation of a draft law on retirement benefits and health insurance in the cultural sector. ... therefore there were efforts to incorporate civil sector in the policy-making process. of civil society (Katunarić, 2001), Culture Councils, of which there are 11, are in fact, semi-arms’s-length bodies that propose goals of cultural policy and measures for achieving them, offer professional assistance to the Minister of Culture, work out the long-term national cultural programme and propose annual financial plans. Stubbs, P. (2001) Politička ekonomija civilnog društva, Globalizacija i njene refleksije u Hrvatskoj, Zagreb. | Section Groups Still, some NGOs and alternative art projects have been receiving funding and support from foundations such as the Open Society Institute. The World Economic Forum launched the ‘Future Role of Civil Society… In the article The role of civil society in the policy-making process, Vesna Čopič describes the process of adopting decisions in the public sector which principally requires the cooperation of three major interest groups: i.e. The Croatian Council for Cultural Heritage(8) has a president and eight members. To support this consultation process, several organizations decided to organize civil society pre-consultation activities to listen and gather concerns from smallholder farmers to formulate relevant (ibid), Moreover, she insists that the process of decision-making should be synergetic and not entropic, and that ignoring one of the partners in the decision-making process may lead to mutual obstructions and a non-productive situation that then turns power into impotence. 21-25). (ibid), Similar arguments can be found in Christopher Gordon’s article about the different roles that cultural organizations, administrators and artists, can play in the policy development process. Artists and professionals are continuously lobbying for improvements and adjustments to this law and other laws that effect their everyday lives and activities. Provide examples to support your answer Definitions of civil society Civil society is the spere outside of the family, the nation and the market where people associate to develop frequent interests. KEY WORDS Civil Society Organisations, Constitution-making process, Good governance, Development, Neoliberalism (Gordon, 2001). Not only directly in the democratic political process, but also by harnessing the support of the public, the audience, and the private sector - which can all have a crucial influence on government attitudes. The Association of Self-employed Artists decides which professional organizations will have the right to send representatives to the Commissions for each specific cultural sector. According to the finding of this report, non-governmental organizations, cultural institutions and individual artists exert a strong influence on the formulation and implementation of cultural policies (Katunarić, 1998) which includes their autonomous creation of arts’ programmes and also their influence on the decisions taken by governmental bodies and the bodies of local administration and self-government. They were originally established to preserve the national culture and languages threatened by a foreign regime, but in the course of time they developed into community centres of social life. The diagnosis of AIDS in 1982 in South Africa was followed by a rapid rise in the number of people living with the virus and dying from AIDS-related illnesses. The role of civil society in the policy making process; article published in a special bilingual supplement (Romanian/English) of 2 Magazine in Romania. The Government of National Unity that came to power in July 1994 sought to democratise the country’s politics despite the challenging socio-political environment. The Croatian Archival Council consists of eleven members, but the Croatian Archives Association, a non-governmental professional organization that represents professionals in this field, appoints only one member to this Council. Participants in CSOs were embracing important causes, conducting research, influencing public opinion and policy agendas, interacting with governing elites, and contributing to policy … Information is vital to civic participation and also encourages its development. Čopič, Vesna 2002. cultural councils, statements from assemblies of professional organizations, formal requests from renowned cultural institutions, etc. Puljiz, Vlado (2000) Civilno društvo u svijetu i u Hrvatskoj, Izazovi civilnog društva u Hrvatskoj, Zagreb. Their responsibilities lie mainly in those segments of policy making, where there is a need for setting up or monitoring professional standards - such as determining programs and requirements for "expert exams", monitoring the professional and artistic standards of public and private cultural and arts organizations and institutions, etc. Subsequently, with the legislative changes that occurred in early 2003, and without any prior consultation with the Association of Self-employed Artists, the government abolished the benefits that were guaranteed by the Law on Self-employed Artists. Zakošek, Nenad: Civilno društvo, političke stranke i građanske udruge, Neprofitni centar, Zagreb, 5 (2000). (1) Nina Obuljen, Research Fellow, Department for Culture and Communication, Institute for International Relations (IMO), Ul.Lj.F.Vukotinovića 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. This paper will give some examples and analyse some aspects of the decision-making process in the cultural field in Croatia and also assess the role that the civil society plays or could play in that process. Some of the provisions in these laws have been in existence even before democratic changes in the early 1990s, showing that there was a recognition of the need for a certain degree of pluralism even before a multi-party system was introduced in 1990. Before one d… 53/01. Also, the Law did not include any monitoring or evaluation procedures, so it is impossible to assess the real impact of the new method of decision making. Members of the cultural councils are appointed by the Government that selects seven candidates based on recommendations from relevant art and cultural organizations and associations. With the adoption of this Law, the civil society representatives gained a new role in cultural policy making in Croatia, however, it is important to stress here that this initiative has not yet resulted in a deep reform of the decision-making process. Peruško (Zagreb), Buch: According to Gordon, "policy models which reflect the realities of civil society are more likely to be effective than something which is imposed from the centre. (Landry, Matarasso, 1999: 7). A special law regulates the rules for establishing and operating arts organizations. of Cultures | Livre: Landry, Charles; Matarasso François (1999) Balancing act: twenty-one strategic dilemmas in cultural policy, Cultural Policies Research and Development Unit, Policy Note. In the programme of the Ministry of Culture for the period 2000-2004, Cultural Councils are described as a "new centre for decision making" which will help in transforming the Ministry of Culture into a coordinator of the "cultural co-deciding process". Civil society organisations should be politically neutral in their pursuit of developmental goals and ought to practice what they preach by being democratic and accountable themselves. Neprofitni sektor, Zagreb, 5 (2000) 4. The fourth group of civil-society organisations include "all other" groups, from local branches of existing international non-governmental organizations (i.e. This is a very flexible form of organizing artists that enables them to efficiently seek funding and execute different artistic projects. These contributions are, under certain conditions, paid out of the state budget. Role of civil society organisations in policy making Ask for details ; Follow Report by VishalNegi3388 22.06.2018 Log in to add a comment The Commission, which decides on the artists’ requests, consists of one representative of the Ministry of Culture, one representative of the Association of Self-employed Artists and one self-employed artist. Advocacy and lobbying are surely the most visible and common ways a civil society influences the policy-making process in all sectors of public policy. The new development Then, I will outline how the respect of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and political participation aid and strengthen democratic governance. The culture minister deals with a field which is inherently changeable and often seen as marginal to the government’s central objectives. Civil Society as an instrument for securing rights and interests of the people: Civil Society works for discharging several economic, social, cultural, moral and other responsibilities which fall in the domain of private activities. Civil society can play several roles in the policy-making cycle (Figure 1) through its interaction with the public and private sector. Inhalt | Table of Contents | Contenu  15 Nr. The new Law on Cultural Councils can also be considered as a significant step forward in decentralizing the decision making process. However, today, civil society is “recognised as a diverse and ever-wider ecosystem of individuals, communities and organisations” (WEF, 2013, p. 6). The holistic and ‘horizontal’ (bottom-up) model is much more likely to succeed than the ‘vertical’ (top down) one, which will always be more vulnerable to sudden unexpected change, or even to the whims of particular politicians when in power. Based on their artistic merits and achievements, according to this Law, self-employed artists have the right to health, pension and disability insurance. The Law on the Rights of Self-employed Artists and on the Promotion of Cultural and Artistic Creativity probably represents the highest possible degree of civil society engagement in influencing cultural policy making in Croatia. Role of civil society in the making of new India June 26, 2019, 6:11 PM IST Om Parida in The Rock Bottom , India , politics , TOI Facebook Twitter Linkedin Email The Croatian Association of Librarians appoints three members to the Council for Libraries. Nadya Aufa 11/315829/EK/18591 of civil society, Sektionsgruppen Gojko Bežovan, one of the leading contemporary theorists of civil society in Croatia claims that all relevant Croatian institutions established at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century were created as a result of civic engagement. When analysing the role of civil society in the cultural field it is important to emphasise that there are at least four groups of organizations with quite differing goals, objectives and ways of operation. Das Verbindende der Kulturen | Book: The Unifying Aspects This was well articulated by Charles Landry and François Matarasso in their reflections on the most important strategic dilemmas in cultural policy. archives, theatres, museums, cultural heritage). While health and education ministers have thousands of hospitals and schools, and millions of public employees under their control, the culture minister typically has few directly managed resources. countries has made policy weak - But China, Vietnam, and some countries have shown that the government can play a constructive role in development • 3 important trends in governance and reform: fighting corruption, implementing decentralization, and encouraging broad - based development participation. Even though a certain level of pluralism existed even before the democratic changes of the early 1990s, the real reform of the decision-making process started some ten years ago with the aim of reflecting the demands of the civil society to participate more actively in the decision-making process, and in order to bring the Croatian cultural policy closer to democratic standards. (9) See the Compendium of cultural policies, 2003. She concludes by stating that the participation of different actors in the process of reaching cultural and political decisions may primarily be considered not a value issue but a functional matter related to the efficiency and effectiveness of actual policies. transitional states, the civil society sector plays a significant role in lobbying and pressur- ing governments for democratising politics and to complement policy changes (Bratton, 1994; Cohen and Rogers 1995; Kasfir, 1998). most prominent in the civil society space (VanDyck, 2017, p. 1). This program examines the role that civil society actors play in shaping and making policy. (Čopič, 2000). (8) Law on the protection and the promotion of cultural goods, Official Gazette, 69/99. Presented by: Agustian Singgih 11/317478/EK/18640. Dr. Mathur speaks about the evolving role of citizen groups in public policy making. Čopič, Vesna 2002. • Civil society and NGOs also have This is achieved by influencing public opinion on matters of culture and art through the participation, in an advisory capacity, of individuals and non-governmental organizations in decisions made by governmental bodies and through different forms of lobbying. This paper was presented in the session "Media and Cultural Aspects of Civil Society" at the International Conference "The Unifying Aspects of Cultures", INST, Vienna, 7-9 November 2003. Cultural councils, even if they have the authority to make decisions, do not have the necessary capacity or resources for their work. Civil society often uses public mobilization to persuade policymakers to … The development and management of cultural policy is therefore one of the most complex areas of modern government, a kind of a balancing act, not so much between competing priorities as in other areas of policy, but between competing visions of the role of culture in society. Development Policy Making and The Roles of Market, State, and Civil Society. Since the CSI is an action-planning tool for civil society, the final section of Part 3 explains how the CSI project is already generating research-based evidence that might be used by CSOs to (ibid). The war has considerably reduced the interest on the part of foreign endowments and foundations, as well as of public bodies to invest in this sector in Croatia. attainment of good governance and development. According to the provisions of this law, chairpersons of each cultural council are members of the National Council for Culture - a body that adopts the National programme for culture, coordinates work of cultural councils and assists the minister of culture in determining the priorities of cultural policy. Despite some delays and obstacles, there is a visible trend of an increase in the of new cultural institutions, the majority of which have been founded as non-profit organisations. In examining these areas, I will demonstrate how the media and civil society play a crucial role in doing so. Civil society plays key roles in pushing for new laws, programmes, policies or strategies on climate change, in holding governments to account on their commitments; in identifying the lack of joined-up government responses to climate change; and in ensuring that national policy making does not forget the poor and vulnerable. However, if the civil society representatives feel that their opinions and interests are not taken into account, they can organize rallies and demonstrations and even use their artistic expression to attract attention to the issues they think should be treated differently. There are many examples of efficient and cooperative communication between civil society representatives and policy makers that have resulted in improvements in certain cultural policy measures and instruments. And unlike other countries in transition, in the first period after the democratic changes and partly because of the war, Croatia did not immediately proceed with stronger support for the development of civil society(2). All of this will be established through the comparison between democratic countries, and less democratic or authoritarian regimes. In order to overcome the challenges of highly centralized decision-making, and with the aim of including civil society representatives in cultural policy-making, in 2001 the Parliament adopted the Law on Cultural Councils. Katunarić, Vjeran; Dragojević, Sanjin; Obuljen, Nina; Schramadei, Pavle (2002) Croatia for the Compendium of cultural policies in Europe: Council of Europe and ERICarts, www.culturalpolicies.net, Katunarić, Vjeran et al (2003) Croatia for the Compendium of cultural policies in Europe: Council of Europe and ERICarts, www.culturalpolicies.net. The Law on Cultural Councils was an attempt to reform cultural policy decision-making in Croatia and bring it closer to the decentralized system which exists in many European countries. The example of two years of "fierce battles" between the Coordination of Professional Arts Organizations and the government (both the Ministry of Culture and Ministry of Finance), which resulted in the resignation of all members of the Board of the Association of Self-Employed Artists, mere symbolic reductions of costs and continuous debate about the same problems, proves that it is neither rational nor effective to exclude civil society from the decision-making process. On one hand, there are numerous amateur arts’ organizations that are promoting local dancing and music, amateur theatre groups, brass orchestras, etc. Dragojević, Sanjin (1998): Decentralizationin Katunarić, Vjeran; Cvjetičanin, Biserka: Kulturna politika Republike Hrvatske: Nacionalni izvještaj, Ministarstvo kulture Republike Hrvatske, Zagreb. It is a community of conscious citizens, who are intelligent and well aware of the current political, economic, cultural and social situations in the world and their country in particular. The protesters demanded that artistic creativity obtain a special status within the fiscal system, since "artwork is of general public significance". (3) The National Report on Cultural Policy highlights a long tradition of cultural and art amateur associations in Croatia. With the introduction of this Law, the existing councils for museums, libraries and archives mentioned earlier in this article became Cultural councils for their respective fields. Author information: (1)a Food Security Programme, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Pietermaritzburg , … | Groupes de sections. Abstract. They do not receive funding for their work and moreover they are not distributing grants related to decisions made, which seriously limits the level of their independence(10). Gramsci therefore viewed civil society as the site for problem-solving. Indeed the role of civil society is growing, as exemplified in its role in some important national development policies such as the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS II: 2006-2009) and the National Budget Processes since 2005. This specificity is a consequence of the reality that the decision-makers (ministers of culture) have a very small number of institutions on which they can have a direct influence. The 2016 report by the Statistics South Africa indicated that about 7.03 million South This paper examines the role of civil society, and particularly the TAC engagement with the state in health policy making, and the subsequent implementation of health policy on HIV/AIDS in post-apartheid South Africa. (2003) Kultura i umjetnost, Zbirka propisa Republike Hrvatske, Grafika Osijek. Faced with such loud protests from all artist organizations, the Ministry of Culture decided to bargain with the other ministries and found a way to avoid the application of these new measures to artistic creation. (Čopič, 2000) Even though politicians obtain their mandates directly from voters at elections and therefore, in theory, can make decisions without necessarily consulting with interested groups, Čopič correctly points out the difference between legal and legitimate decisions - an issue particularly interesting for the field of cultural policy. Media and cultural aspects Decisions taken by those authorised to do so are by no doubts legal but are they legitimate? Les points communs des cultures, Internet-Zeitschrift für Kulturwissenschaften. (Bežovan, 1998) Still, regardless of this fact, he thinks that the civil society in Croatia does not have a strong tradition. These councils are primarily responsible for the establishment of professional standards both for the functioning of institutions and for setting the minimal requirements for employees and professional staff. The role of civil society in the policy making process; article published in a special bilingual supplement (Romanian/English) of 2 Magazine in Romania. HerausgeberIn | Editor | Éditeur: Zrinjka Herna O. S11/319841/EK/18645. Through some examples of cultural policy-making in Croatia, this paper will show that there are still great disparities in the level of the involvement of civil society and while some institutional involvement existed well before the early 1990s and the democratic changes, at the same time the informal process of consultation with civil society has not yet been adopted as the most effective way for making important strategic decisions in the cultural policy field. Sabi SC(1), Rieker M(2). 2.3. (Dragojević, 1998). Katunarić, Vjeran; Cvjetičanin, Biserka (2001) Hrvatska u 21. stoljeću: Strategija kulturnog razvitka, Ministarstvo kulture Republike Hrvatske, Zagreb. This was supposed to be one of the most important reforms in the cultural policy decision-making process in Croatia as well as a major shift from the existing practices of financing culture to a more democratic process. Role of Civil Society: 1. The biggest obstacle in achieving a higher degree of independence is the fact that councils do not have an independent budget. Civil society organizations (CSOs) in Caribbean countries have performed social service delivery and program implementation roles for many years. (http://www.policiesforculture.org). While democracy is ensured by elections, testing the quality of this democracy is another and more complicated issue. Using survey, interview, and document review techniques, this crossnational study explored the potential Media and cultural aspects After institutional shock that the EU has experienced in 2001, there have been changes that have to be accepted by the aspirant countries including Croatia. Ultimately, the example of the disputes over the rights of self-employed artists, where the professional associations were not willing to accept any changes, and where the government decided to cut existing benefits without introducing any substitute measures, shows that a more democratic way of reaching strategic decisions has yet to be embraced. The fact that the representatives of civil society were given certain responsibilities which were not accompanied by adequate logistical support, proves that the civil society is still regarded more as a "decoration" that can offer legitimacy to policy-makers’ decisions rather than as an equal partner in the decision-making process. The second group consists of arts’ organizations established by professional artists. (Bosner, 1998: 92) During the socialist regime these associations were used for political socialization, and considerable funds were invested in their activity, which also resulted in massive participation with a rather hight proportion of women and children. Katunarić, Vjeran; Cvjetičanin, Biserka (1998) Kulturna politika Republike Hrvatske: Nacionalni izvještaj, Ministarstvo kulture Republike Hrvatske, Zagreb. In practise, ministers of culture, even though they had the right to approve or deny the Commission’s decisions, have not exercised this right and have never overturned the decisions taken by the Commission. In October 2014, for the first time in recent history, the government of Myanmar decided to organize a public consultation to inform the development of a national policy. (Katunarić et al 2002). Still, one of the issues remains the question of the level of involvement and participation as well as the number of active members of different organizations which represents a challenge in determining their legitimacy. More and more CSOs are recognising the need to understand policy processes better and use evidence to engage with them more effectively. Even though the role and effectiveness of civil participation in development is a highly contested issue, South Africa has adopted civil society participation in governance as key in promoting transparency, accountability and efficiency in government activities and as such established structures such as NEDLAC to fulfil this. A rather high degree of civil society involvement is envisaged in the execution of the Law on the Rights of Self-employed Artists and on the Promotion of Cultural and Artistic Creativity. (2) Gojko Bežovan: The Structure of the civil society in Croatia: results of the empirical research. 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